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Success = (energy applied + desired success related outcomes).
Failure = (energy applied + desired failure related outcomes).

Focusing on the negative takes as much energy as focusing on the positive.
Being depressed about your failures takes the same energy as being elated with your successes.

So if the level of energy used to be miserable is the same as what is needed to be successful why is it that some will and some won't be successful when both expand the same amount of energy?

There are the group who will comment that success is all based on how lucky you are, or that you were in the right place at the right time, or that you shop or business was in the right position for your good fortune to just happen. Well for the majority of successful people, luck has never played a role and the other two suggestions are the result of planning and applying the success equation.

'The Secret' movie has created incredible interest worldwide, with inputs in the movie from successful and wealthy people, who all followed the same map. Media commentaries and news headlines have emerged relating to those who have (allegedly) ripped off as many systems as they could to gain success, at the same time reportedly using the concepts portrayed in the movie; to the group who have nfl apparel supposedly followed the flow and dreamed up their success only to still be a failure. Let's not forget those who continue to whine that they just hate all this fluffy stuff that is going on around them.

'The Secret'did its job, it created success for the journalistic producer, whether you like it or not and the secret or the science behind 'the Secret' has been making people successful for a very long time, also whether you believe it or not, the concepts will continue to lead people to success for a very long time to come.

Why is it, that globally, there are a group of successful people who have previously been 'street people', drug users, school dropouts and English or Math failures or ex janitors with limited education? What is it that this group of people has, or what is it that they have developed to be so successful and living the life of their desires?

Part of the answer is to get a mentor, no matter what areas you want to add improvement to in your life, common sense, or your inner gut feeling, will tell you this, go and find yourself a mentor or a coach.

But, and there is a big but and this is where the majority come to the brick wall. This is the total crux of the matter and it doesn't matter how many books, programs, DVD's, seminars you attend or business ventures you get involved in, until you totally understand and take a grip of what rules you, governs your behavior, what controls your thinking, what controls the system that you have filed deep within your brain cells nothing will change.

You will continue to try to use the equation of success as previously mentioned, but without the real science, success will continue to evade you.

Success is a science, numerous books have been written on how the science works and there are variables (obstacles) that just pop up in people's lives that need to be negotiated if a success outcome is to be achieved. I always find it so interesting how one can lead their life obstacle free, until the time comes to change their life!

As success requires a little bit more than just your ordinary energy and a strong desire, I developed my equation for success believing that if you live by it each and every day (that is the big ask) you will achieve your goals. By studying the great minds of our past century and those that are successful, no matter what we set out to do requires a blueprint, or a roadmap, but it also requires the ingredient that inspires the momentum - a shift in conscious thinking - a shift in your mindset.

Having worked with children with disabilities, including blind children, (most don't regard themselves as having disability) I have had the gratification of learning the following amazing success equations;

SELF DETERMINATION = (knowledge - pity) + (skills x confidence) + blind role models

SUCCESS =self-determination + (talent x perseverance)

The equation that leads these children to be successful in life led me to develop my equation, an equation that has led me to my success; my suggestion is to put a blindfold on for at least one full day and you will get the secret ingredient
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Malibu is one of the places along the beach looking at the most popular with celebrities peace and tranquility. If you are looking for retail therapy while you are away, you can find the full Third Street Promenade offers a pedestrian zone with street musicians and jugglers. For more of the same, you come to Venice Beach. Here you will find th
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Eating Out in LA:

LA boasts fantastic choice in terms of restaurants. With LA car hire, you're free to drive from eatery to eatery, checking out the best menus along the way. Whether you're craving elegant French cuisine, tasty Italian or good old-fashioned American fast food, you'll be spoilt for choice when hunger strikes nfl apparel in this city.

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Los Angeles s a fantastic base from which to explore America's west coast. Feeling a bit down in the mouth? Pack up the car and take a drive to "The Happiest Place on Earth", aka-Disneyland. Disneyland isn't the only theme park worth visiting though. One of Los Angeles' most popular attractions is Universal Studios, where'll find yourself transported to real-life film sets and colourful back-drops.

Los Angeles plays host to some of the world's most colourful and exciting events. The city's New Year's Day parade features a fantastic spectacle of marching bands and flower powered floats. September's Port of Los Angeles Lobster Festival is one for the foodies, offering live entertainment and fun lobster-themed events. It may be Mexico's National holiday, but Cinco de Mayo is celebrated with a bang in Los Angeles. The day marks the Mexican victory over the French in the battle of Puebla in 1862. Traditional dancing nfl jersey and merriment is to be found at special venues all over the city.

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Santana initiated the contact with the Fulbright teacher exchange program. She believed that she was ready to advance to the next level of cross-cultural experiences by teaching abroad. Santana thoroughly researched the available options. Many did not meet her needs, since she would have to give up her teaching position with the San Diego schools. The Fulbright program best fit her needs, since the exchange is only for one year and an exchange teacher will take her place, allowing her to retain her position with the San Diego schools.

Santana chose Chile, because it is more economically stable than other Latin American countries. To prepare for her trip to Chile, she read the "House of Spirits", by Chilean author Isabel Allende. The book aptly portrays the culture in Chile, which is largely influenced by the many German immigrants over the years.

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Santana is scheduled to return to the United States and the San Diego schools in July 2007. Until then, she plans to communicate with her family, friends, the Chilean teacher, and her San Diego schools' students by way of the Internet. She wants everyone, especially her San Diego schools' students, to enjoy her advencheap nfl jerseys ture with her. It is a great opportunity for them to experience life outside San Diego.

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Some San Diego County divorce attorneys may specialize or have more experience than others in specific areas of family law. For example, some San Diego divorce lawyers are certified by the State Bar of California or an organization accredited by the State Bar of California as a specialist in the field of family law. Currently, San Diego County has approximately 150 Certified Family Law Specialists (CFLS) registered with the State Bar of California. These San Diego County attorney’s have made efforts to become State Bar certified in the field of family law.
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You can see that over time, the trusted lawyers do more and more business as they prove themselves through hard-work and dedication to each customer in need of their service. Browsing online can really help you find a trusted attorney is San Diego thanks to the dense amount of information that the web has to offer. The Google local search is a great feature that shows local results. I hope this guide helps you decide on who will be the righ

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Blu Ray Technology
The blu-ray was developed by several consumer electronics groups including Apple, Hitachi, HP, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Samsung, and Thomson. There has to be a union amongst companies before new products can be made. Each company stands to make money from the various components that often compliment technology products. Blu Ray disk would be useless to produce without a compatible television that could deliver the quality that blu ray offers. Panasonic is now turning out blu ray recorders in addition to its plasma televisions.

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There is a marketplace were games and other entertainment content can be purchased. The technology that drives this generation of gaming systems is the online capabilities. They blend the standard game play
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In turn, the keyboard itself works like a charm. Differing slightly on the 8320 than the 8310, the keyboard is one of the little improvements that Blackberry incorporated. By altering the layout slightly, the Curve 8320's keyboard is a pleasure to use, and certainly a great advantage when using the Blackberry for emails, or even text messaging.

As with the rest of the series, there is a 2 megapixel camera that performs decently, but is nothing too special. Also, there is a media player, microSD storage support, and a trackball for navigational purposes.

One of the areas where the Blackberry Curve truly distances itself from its predecessors however is in connectivity, where it has WLAN connection ability. This one function alone is a marvel, as it allows for web access from any wireless access dallas cowboys jersey
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An Office Mobile Phone that Crosses Boundaries

Although in the past all Blackberrys have been known as predominantly office phones for their general incline towards business usage, with the Curve 8320, there is certainly the potential that others will be drawn into it. A mobile phone that can connect to wireless networks is simply a gem in its own right, and none would be surprised if that factor features heavily on anyone looking for mobile phone deals.

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During my years teaching in the school, I've learned that young teens can buy a variety of valuable experiences of the trip, both learn to apply the information to be able skills in the classroom and help them develop as people. Unfortunately, some children have never been able to field trips, without making the participation of their school. Therefore, educators can help schoolse to a young adolescent's complete education when they include education travel in their program.

Once you've decided to include travel in your student's education, there are important plans and decisions that will affect the overall success of their travel experience. This article focuses on selecting the best educational venues in Washington, DC for a class or grade level trip.

The best time to consider such a trip is during seventh or eighth grade when the middle school social studies curriculum focuses on U.S. history. An educational trip to Washington, DC coinciding with this year can provide substantial benefits to both the individual and the school as a whole.

All student groups that visit Washington, DC should tour the White House and the US Capitol. Their educational links to the classroom are countless. It's important to note that the popularity of these two sites coupled with the recent increase in national security now require that an appointment must be prescheduled by a Senator or State Representative.

Next, I recommend visiting as many of the following as possible:


All of these sites have strong ties to the social studies curriculum and, best of all do not charge an admissions fee. Once you have decided to include them in a travel itinerary, the key is to make sure the students receive the strongest possible educational connections during the actual visit.

You can easily increase the educational value of the visit by using a reputable student tour provider that specializes in educational travel to plan your trip. To begin with, their experience will help prepare an itinerary that sequences the stops so that the students are not overwhelmed with information. Their experience will also present you with strategies for planning effective group visits. I strongly recommend you ask the travel provider about adding Washington, DC guides when visiting the monuments and memorials. Their historical knowledge base will only enhance the educational experience.

Another outstanding educational venue is Arlington National Cemetery. In addition to visiting the John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Challenger Astronaut Memorials, your student tour provider can schedule a wreath laying ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknowns. This ceremony adds depth to the educational value of the visit and allows those students selected for the ceremony the rare opportunity of interacting with an Army Honor Guard member.

A visit to the U.S. Holocaust Museum can be extremely educational especially if the students have studied this era in American history and/or read The Diary of Anncleveland browns jerseys
e Frank in English class. The museum is self-guided. The emotional impact of the tour, coupled with their collection of newsprint, historical video and news reporting provides an outstanding educational experience for all visitors.

A student trip to Washington, DC should also include a visit to Mount Vernon - the estate of George Washington. The new Donald W. Reynolds Museum and Education Center, and a tour of the beautifully restored estate, outer buildings and the grounds have strong educational value.

Finally, I recommend that student groups traveling to Washington, D.C. schedule a cultural activity. Exposing young people to the arts and culture is invaluable to the overall development of the individual. One of the most popular activities is attending a theatrical performance at one of the area dinner theaters or a performance at the Kennedy Center. The theaters schedule age appropriate productions like "Beauty and the Beast or Fiddler on the Roof" to help make this opportunity both educational and entertaining.

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Jamaica Real Estate is a Solid Investment Despite World Economic Crisis

The uncertainty in global financial markets has created a greater increase in investment, says Edwin Wint, president of the Realtors Association of Jamaica. Mr. Wint, said in a recent press release that Real Estate Investment Properties stable and concre nfl jerseys te, and the global economic collapse, the demand for real estate in Jamaica. The club has at the first annual Expo in the theme Your Future in Real Estate Secure. Framers of Jamaica real estate guides were there to valuable resources for all buyers and investors to offer real estate in Jamaica. More from the northern coast of the island, rich Solis The Palmyra Resort developments
& Spa offering 277 apartments and 11 villas at prices ranging from US$500,000 for a studio to US$3.5 million for a beachfront villa. There is also the Colony at Half Moon with plans for development of 30 private villas. Richmond Development in St. Ann offers a World Class Residential Community with units starting at US$195,000. These developments have been marketing heavily to overseas clients who are looking for a tropical getaway that is in close proximity to the U.S. There are more than 300 International flights coming into Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay weekly and there are no restrictions to foreign ownership of Real Estate in Jamaica. In addition to easier access to beachfront property in Jamaica than in the U.S., Jamaica Real Estate is quite an attractive investment.
On the financial side of things, latest numbers from the Planning Institute of Jamaica in their report of Mortgages issued in Jamaica from NHT, NHDC, Building Societies, Life Insurance Companies and Credit Unions indicate that the volume and value of mortgages disbursed declined. The total number of mortgages disbursed fell by 8.2% to 8,553 during January –September 2008 compared with January – September 2007. This is a turnaround compared with the continued annual increases recorded in volume and value of mortgages disbursed. The number of mortgages disbursed went from 10, 556 year ending December 2006 to 12, 469 year ending December 2007 according to the report. The value of disbursed mortgages amounted to $31,595 million for the year ending December 2007, this compared with the $25,563.9 million disbursed for the year ending December 2006.
INFORMATION, INFORMATION, INFORMATION
In order to make an educated decision when investing in any commodity, you need information. It is no different for Jamaica Real Estate. The Jamaica Real Estate Guide aims to be a friendly and informative partner for prospective homebuyers and investors. The latest issue which was featured at the Realtors Association Expo 2008 at the Hilton Kingston Hotel on November 23rd has an article about Mortgage basics, a handy mortgage worksheet and a checklist of items for a loan application. Additionally, readers will find the usual delivery of full colour listings by Real Estate brokers and developers who promote their listings actively in this handy resource guide.
The Jamaica Real Estate Guide which was first published in 2006 started with the mandate of being a partner to the Jamaican Homebuyer, arming them with information about local real estate trends and the home buying process. With the demand increasing for Jamaica Real Estate from the local population and the Diaspora, so has the readership of the guide. The publishers of the Jamaica Real Estate Guide responded to demand by increasing the distribution of the magazine from 3,000 to 20,000 copies in print per issue. In addition, the website was redesigned to allow for free online viewing of the magazine. Response to the new website feature has been great with downloads coming from Countries like Australia, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark and of course the USA, Canada, our very own Jamaica and other neighbouring islands.

nfl jerseys Always Use a Good Real Estate Attorney

1st Property dispute: This is a scenario in the real estate attorneys seems to be most affected. Not just trying to get those rights disputes (over litigation or otherwise), but also help get rid of the property received (in some cases) by the transfer and use of the money for its solution.
2nd Dispute Occupation: A real estate attorney also helps in disputes between tenants and landlords.
3rd Clearance of goods to the cause of death: Sometimes reanfl jerseys l estate attorneys also handle the deceased's property. Here are the property sold in order to solve it among the heirs.
4th Divorce settlements: Again real estate lawyer to assist in the resolution of ownership and divorce in general.
5th You do not want a broker: Some people feel uncomfortable with the attitude of an agent to sell their property and therefore the trust estate attorneys (some real estate lawyers in this work.)
6th As a consultant / adviser: Many lawyers work for real estate investors. In fact, hiring a real estate lawyer is a very good choice for a real estate investor. A real estate attorney can really smooth process for investors. A real estate lawyer, not only in order to get it right, it's fast. And for a time of real estate investment property is very important because nfl jerseys. it can pass the time by a lawyer who specializes in secured real estate, looking for very good business.
7th Information provider: Some real estate investors use real estate attorneys as a rich source of information, including information on properties that are for sale due to disputes or settlement. This real estate investors receive the benefits, before others (and sometimes it is not very good in this way.)


So whether the real estate business booms or not, real estate attorneys are always going to be in needed.

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Introduction:
Real estate is a business, where the realtors will be dealing in an immovable property, like land, buildings. Real estate is also called as immovable property where it deals in a permanently fixed property. It is also considered as real property or realty. There are two ways of starting the real estate, one understanding the confl jerseys ncepts and have connection with real estate investors and the other is attending the general association/clubs/meeting the real estate business. The term realty refers to immovable property like land, building and personally refers to movable property like automobiles, patents, shares etc. Sometime people try to distinguish the difference between realty and personalities, the term real property or realty or real estate have same sense. But in civil law jurisdiction, it refers to immovable property.

Do we need a huge amount to invest in real estate business? Real estate business does not constitute a large some of investment. If he invests a little some of money is enough to carry the business. Investing initial capital and starting a business has a huge advantages but real estate business does not need a huge investment. Even if he invests, he can get back in a shorter period. There are many ways to collect funds to run the business.

Real estate brokers: a broker is a person who act as an intermediately between the buyer and the seller .He find out a person who wills to buy and sell the real property. In America, the connection was initially recognized with reference to the English common law of agency where the broker having a good relationship with his customers. In UK, the term estate agent is referred to a person or organization whose function is to market the real estate. In America, when they act as buyers brokers, they will purchase the property for a reasonable consideration. While, they became a sellers brokers they sell the property for a price which will fetch them a reasonable profit. Brokers without license they sometimes act as a customer agent.

Is licensed required for real estate business: license is not a important statement for real estate business. Each a have an individual right to sell and buy the property on their own interest. He needs to procure license only when he sells the property which does not belongs to him. But a licensed agent is well recognized in the market without his publicity. In United States, in most jurisdictions a person is essential to have a license in order to obtain payment for services rendered as a broker. Lawyers are also allowed as a broker or agent without acquiring a license.

Commercial real estate: commercial real estate constitutes of buying and selling of immovable property like land and those fixed to it. In this type, realtors share their land ownership among themselves. Commercial real estate consists of accumulated closing price. They involve in a process of buying and selling if land and buildings.

Advantages in real estate:
Property and land are usually expensive; realtors fetch a maximum profit by selling.
Real estators does not need a higher investment. If they have the ability to borrow is enough.
With help of the realtors, we can buy and sell any type of property all over the world.

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George Washington led the Continental Army against the redcoats UK victory. His leadership was behind today's America rich and delicious taste of what we now know that the freedom and independence. civic virtues and his untiring zeal and Defence of the Republic of him winning the honor of one of the great American politicians of his time.

The state of the nation's No. 42 was named after him. This state is the state of north-west of most of the 48 contiguous states or the 48 original. This state is defined by the number of parks as a refuge for wildlife and also for advances in technology that are well known in this state.

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Talk about tech savvy, Washington real estate economy is drawn from the very thing that runs America and the world per se. Technological advancements have long been the driving force that pushed nations further and have defined the very existence of what we call the Earth. Microsoft, Nintendo of America, and other computer-based agencies are sheltered in this state.

The Genius of the People

Its people have also gone through the great wave of invention and innovation that is within this state. To live here is to partake in the celebration of man's mind. Aluminum, biotechnology, tourism, and wood and lumber products are those that also help the state gain income. Washington real estate economy is based on tnfl shophe great diversities and the great opportunities for this state to flower. Flower into one of the greatest area of logic and enlightenment.

The Washington real estate properties are drawn from the income and success that this state has garnered throughout the ages. With four big-time companies that are based in this state, I guess you can get the picture now. Starbucks, Microsoft, Nordstrom, and Costco, these companies have even been declared as part of the top 20 companies in the Nation, this is according to Fortune Magazine.

Plenty of Job Opportunities

These big companies then mean that there are hundreds of thousands of job opportunities in Washington. So it's always a big deal to live in Washington. This then means that if you choose to settle in this state, you will be treated to a better life. Everyone deserves to live a better and happier life. But it takes careful consideration and pondering to understand that it lies in the same nation you live in-in a state called Washington. So it is best to invest in Washington real estate.

Live happily in Washington. Enjoy the rest of your existence in this state. Celebrate the success of the mind and invest in Washington real estate. In Washington, you're betcheap nfl jerseyster and brighter tomorrow is waiting for you, it's now your choice whether you want a better life.

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Applications that certain features of the iPhone like cut and paste, video recording, streaming, MMS and Bluetooth to share files with batch processing does not allow the AppStore.Apple also reserves them to prohibit applications that do not fit into the vision of Apple iPhone usage, like podcasting, direct access to the GPS and competing email and web browser clients.

iPhone 3.0 firmware will make it possible to utilize some of these functionalities, but not all. Therefore there is a development of jail breaking of the iPhones. These hacked versions of iPhones can utilize the capabilities that Apple do not want users to use, even in the new firmware 3.0.
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There are 10 applications that Apple does not promote on the AppStore, and they are;
Clippy that make it possible to cut and paste text between applications. This is a functionality iPhone users have asked for since the launch of the iPhone. You can copy a text message and paste it into an email. Clippy does not work with Mobile Safari though. This functionality is promised to be in the 3.0 firmware version of the iPhone.
Cyntact makes it possible to get pop-ups of the pictures of your contacts when you browse through your contacts list and not only when they call you as you do in the original iPhone software.. This enables you to quick get information you have on a person, either using names or pictures.
Voicemail Forwarder can forward sound messages to anyone with an email address. As iPhone solution acts as a receiver portal for sound messages only. The purpose of being able to do this is to either archive or forward funny messages to others.

Cycorder: enables you to take both pictures and videos with your iPhone, which is not possible on the standard edition of your iPhone today. The makes it possible to record a video with up to 15 captures pr second in a resolution of 384 x 288 pixles.
MxTube: makes it possible for you to see Youtube videos on your iPhone if you do not have access to . MxTube enables you to watch your favourite Youube videos offline.
MiVTones: software makes it possible to play any video as a ring tone when someone is calling you. So its an advanced ring tone, instead of the standard audio version you can do on your standard iPhone. You can select between various videos for the various contacts you have in your contacts list, and share videos with others that use this application.
Adblock: is a add-on to Mobile Safari, as it filters out most of the advertisments on the websites you surfe. Then you do not have to suffer from slow downloads of web pages filled with ads in them.
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cheap nfl jerseys Disability and professional identity: Negotiated change for fitness to practice

see Read more: Creative Commons license: AttributionPolicy decision makers that the difficulties facing the employment of people with disabilities due to a complex matrix of attitudes, hostile environments and disabling barriers (Barnes, 1992: Burchardt, 2005). Therefore, explanations for the challenges faced by disabled people, the experience to keep the job longer than a device by the same people and their organizations. OverviewThis pa cheap nfl jerseysper considers two questions, negotiated the change in the way in workplace training and professional identities of people with disabilities practice. This study provides background information on how the disability has become a political issue of fundamental importance for the employer and the disability movement.
This exposure is essential for the current situation in relation to the challenges faced by people with disabilities to understand vis - vis these questions.
Illustrations situations from developed and developing countries will be cited. A general overview will be made of policy and practice regarding fitness to practice and professional identity formation of disabled people. It is argued that disabled people face considerable challenges in accessing work and that those already in employments also face considerable challenges in defining and asserting their professional identity due to a combination of factors such as discriminatory employment policies and other disabling factors in their socio cultural contexts.
Terms explained: Impairment, Disability and Handicap
In this section, the terms, disability, impairment and handicap, as encountered in the general area of disability studies will be examined. The term identity in ge authentic nfl jerseysneral will be defined but professional identity, in particular will be considered. Other terms such as, social identity and personal identity etcetera may be gleaned upon contextually.
Although the use of the terms disability, impairment and handicap tends to unite the medical and social models of disability and is of practical value (Jones, 2001), the terminology can often be ambiguous and confusing. Hence, the need to separate and define their meanings (Harris, 1971).The understanding of the terms impairment, disability or handicap, wherever used in this paper is derived from the original World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Function rather than the update version of it, because, although the recent version claims to unite the models of disability, it seems not sufficient enough in differentiating subtle issues, for example, poor attitudes or poor air quality affecting breathing (Jones.2001); issues which are of particular concern to the daily lives of disabled people.
Although the terms impairment, disability and handicap are often used interchangeably, they are in fact, not synonymous. Impairment is an abnormality of a structure or function; for example an abnormality of the ear. Disability on the other hand is the functional consequence of impairment (for example, the inability to hear certain sounds). Handicap is the social impact of impairment on an individual; for instance, the loss of a job or making a career change as a result of communication difficulties (Who, 1980: Jones, 2001: Metts, 2004).
Unfortunately, disability scholars seem not to adequately separate meanings either, and tend to treat these terms as if they are the same, leading to ambiguity and confusion. But the International Classification of Function (ICF) matrix illuminates these notions in a different perspective and acknowledges that all individuals experience a decrement in health and thereby experience some of disability, impairment and handicap ranging in severity from mild, to moderate, severe and profound. The ICF ‘mainstrea cheap nfl jerseysms' disability as an experience and recognizes it as a universal human phenomenon (WHO, 1980). It defines ‘disability' as a restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner within the range considered normal for a human being (WHO, 1980).
This definition of disability however, is problematic and consequently, has not received universal acceptance and therefore, remains criticized (Oliver, 1990: French, 1994). It remains criticized because it tends to be medically dominant and seems to embrace the notion of impairment as an abnormality in function, disability as an inability to engage in an activity considered normal for a human being and handicap as the inability to carry out a normal social role. Yet, progressive thinking has since departed from these notions. Also, the reification of the concept of normality appears very problematic too (Jones, 2001). The notion of normality is complex and has a flipside to it (Tremain, 2005. And ‘normal' is a relative because something considered normal to one community may not be normal to another (Davis, 1995). Its converse, ‘abnormal' can be associated with ‘deviation', which will always be produced so long as people with or without disabilities strive for normality and for an existence in society (Tremain, 2005:192).
Therefore, by focusing on the human aspect of impairment and disability and shifting from viewing these as a ‘medical', 'biological' or ‘social' condition, the ICF matrix overrides the issue of normality and places all disability and health conditions on an equal pedestal, allowing both health and disability to exist contiguously and to be compared using a common matrix. The basic tenets of this matrix are sound and have since been adopted by many United Nations member states and translated into respective country legislative frameworks. For instance, the United Kingdom, USA and Zimbabwe, to name a few, enacted –respectively- the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) (Office of Public Sector Information, 1995), the Americans with Disability Act (ADA) (United States Government, 1990) and the Disabled Persons Act (Government Printers, 1996).
However, in spite of the existence and the adoption of the common ICF matrix, the question of disability terminology and definitions still remains a subject of much debate amongst disabled people, their organizations and disability studies. Additionally, disability as an area of study is both under studied and under theorized (Davis, 1995). There is also inconsistency in the use of other attendant terms. For instance, some writers refer to individuals with impairments as ‘disabled persons' (Oliver, 1990), while others prefer to say ‘persons with a disability (International Labour Organization, (ILO) 2008). However, the use of the term ‘disabled' as a human descriptor ‘sounds' (metaphorically) rather mechanical, because reference is often made to inanimate items as being ‘disabled', for instance, a disabled lock, a disabled machine, a disabled computer application, andetcetera. The understanding portrayed being that, when something is 'disabled', it has been deliberately made to temporarily malfunction but, can be ‘enabled at any other time, at the user's discretion. Therefore, the connotation given in reference to people would be that a ‘disabled person' can, at a later point be rehabilitated, or to be made non-disabled. This is misleading when one considers labels like ‘disabled toilet' or ‘disabled car parking' Perhaps, the use of the term ‘disabled people' can appropriately be applied to people undergoing, rehabilitative therapy done to enable a person to regain lost functionality of either an ambulatory, sensorial or cognitive nature (Mpofu & Hartley; 2002). Only then, perhaps, can a person be referred to as ‘disabled'.
However, proponents of the term "disabled people" , point out that its use is in line with the social model which purports that people are disabled by society and restrictive environmental factors and disabling barriers (Union for the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS), 1981; Oliver, 1990; Barnes,1992). But in the social model context the connotation of ‘disabled' and 'disability', represent a diverse system of social constraints imposed on disabled people by a highly discriminatory society (Barnes, 1992). Viewed through the social model, to be disabled or to have a disability can mean,
The disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organization which takes no or little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from the mainstream of social activities. (UPIAS, 1976, pp. 3-4).
In the human rights model, the term "person with a disability" is generally more acceptable and seems to becoming increasingly a global catch phrase (ILO, 1988). Epistemologically however, to this writer, all the terms, i.e. ‘handicapped person', ‘disabled person and ‘person with a disability' still do not seem to make sense. As an addendum to the critique of the descriptor ‘disabled' presented above, ‘disability' is construed to mean a personal experience that arises from the interaction between a disabled person and to a large extent, the context in which they live (Schneider, Hurst, Miller & Ustin (2003). Experience is interactive with the environment and is thus, a product of the interrelationship of both intrapersonal (identity) factors and external (environmental) factors; if the environment changes, then the experience of disability will also change. It is transient. Therefore, to say a ‘person with a disability' is synonymous to a ‘person with an experience' does not appear to identify a person correctly, least what the language intends to say. The problem with the issue of disability is that the environment's definitive influence in creating disability has now been firmly established and is seen as integral to the definition of disability (Schneider, 2006). However, it is apparent, that the language of disability is not consistent with progressive thought and is need of updating and modification, although superficially, the term impairment is least in need of modification. In this discussion therefore, a choice had to be made on which term to use in the light of terms appearing nonsensical. The phrase ‘disabled people' was chosen and will therefore be used purely on the basis of its ‘seemingly good fit', familiarity and ease of pronunciation in the flow of reading and writing; and also as a reference to a particular group of people, with seemingly an identity crisis.
Identity
Identity, as a concept, is universal, unfixed, multi-faceted, dynamic and inextricably intertwined with other notions (Schneider, et. al, 2003) and therefore, arguably, not easy to define (Giddens, 1991), It is a concept postmodernists contend, is ever evolving and appears to be a product of forces interacting on one's uniqueness, social influences and environmental conditions with which one comes into constant contact (Brown, 1991). And the tendency of this process is the creation of different types of identity moulded around contexts. For example, there can be collective identity, cultural identity, personal identity, social identity (Hannum, 2007), disabled identity, spoilt identity (Goffman, 1990), professional identity, political identity and etcetera. Of interest in this paper, is professional identity which is built around personal identity within a work environment.
The concept of personal identity emanates from the intrinsic sense of self and extends outward to the outer external physical and social factors thus offering a basis of comparison with the significant others in the same context (Beown,1993: Goffman, 1958). Personal identity is not something that one has, but is something that one develops and evolves during one's lifetime as shaped by ecological and socio-cultural factors (Beijaard, Meijer & Verloop, 2004). Personal identity, can therefore, be defined as "….sameness with another or the unique characteristics which determine individuality (Brown, 1993: 1304). Because of the uniqueness or sameness with another, each person's identity can then be perceived through a lens capable of illuminating one's universal identity (Liang, 1965; Somers, 1994; Beijaard, et al., 2004). Personal identity is how people perceive and make sense of each other (Goffman, 1958). It is elemental to all social contact and to the erection of society and culture. People want to know about others' thinking, affiliations, and intentions in order to understand their words and actions and to predict their future behavior. These entities are not immediately apparent; but, others see outer manifestations, or signals, of one's inner state within a wider social identity, (a subject currently being debated around modernism and postmodernism). Social identity comprises entities of a person's identity that come from belonging to a particular cohort that may include age, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, socio-economic status or profession (Hannum, 2007).
Quintessentially, identity as a concept, is intricate and loaded with philosophical, psychological and sociological overtones which are located in processes to be found in the core of an individual's cultural context (Erikson, 1968; Samuel and Stephens, 2000), The knowledge, of one's identity both from an ontological (inner) and epistemological (outer) perspective brings in the questions ‘who am I?' or ‘who are we?' (Ng, Han, Mao & Lai, 2010). And for a disabled person considering a professional career, a further question such as ‘what do I want to be?' can be pivotal to the fundamental relationship between an individual's personal identity and the construction of one's professional identity (Samuel et.al. 2000). But then, while the development of an individual's personal identity can be located at the socio cultural level, a person's professional identity is ultimately shaped by what goes on in both the socio-cultural context and one's professional environment (Samuel, et. al., 2000).
Notably, the socio-cultural and professional environments appear to exist contiguously and are in constant interaction with each other; and neither appears non-porous to the forces of change that constantly impact on individuals and their professional practice. In that light therefore, a person's identity (either ontological or epistemological) that attempts to assert itself in a professional environment can, only do so in relation to a multiplicity of other vying identitieswithin the same individual. Paradoxically, however, although these identitiesmay concurrently exist within the same individual, they do not conflict nor share the same values, beliefs, behaviours and attitudes; all of which may be grounded in the socio-cultural experiences of the person within a particular location (Samuel & Stephens, 2000).
Recognition therefore, should be made in the definition of identity that there exists a plurality of sub-identities which should recognize and include diversity of for instance, race, language, sex, gender, sexual orientation, ability or inability, impairment or work type. A person can therefore, assume different professional identities, contingent upon the culture and experiences in the social setting and the professional work environment (Beijaard, et.al, 2004); contingent, also upon the dynamics of philosophies, ideologies, practices and regimes, which can be spatially and temporally networked to workplace responses, to the specific types of profession (Kostogriz and Peeler, 2004). How then is professional identity defined and what impact would this identity have on a disabled person's capability to work? One may ask. The answer this question is what this paper discusses, and the following sections will devote to doing that. But first we will examine what professionalism is and how this leads to the definition of professional identity.
Professionalism and Professional Identity
Some studies claim that professionalism develops on two levels, at the structural level and attitudinal level (Dawis, England and Lofquist, 1964). At the structural level, an example can be the formal education qualifications entry requirements into the profession or the type of organization or the public standing of the organization one works in. Professionalism also occurs at an attitudinal level, for instance, the individual's vocational sense of calling to the profession (Hall, 1968). An individual entering the profession has to undergo an external transformation to portray the deportment and etiquette required of the specific career role. Teachers, lawyers, doctors, soldiers or accountants, for instance, can easily be identified and differentiated by their manner of walking, dressing, grooming and even of talking, which is often linked to their professions. Internally, to the person, there is a development of self-conceptualization linked with the specific professional role which will be exhibited to the society for approval and acknowledgement (McGowen & Hart, 1990). Put in another way, professionalism implies both psychological and sociological perspectives. Thus, an individual tends to develop a professional identity consequential to this sociological and psychological interactive process. Expressing one's professional identity sometimes also, is evidenced in perceptions of what one says one is and what one wants to become (Bejaard, et.at. 2004). Essentially, professional identity therefore, emanates from a process of developing and implementing a professional self concept to members of that profession or to the public (Dawis, England and Lofquist, 1964).
Professional identity formation therefore, is a maturation process that commences at some stage of one's entry into training for the profession and evolves and continues to develop into life as the individual identifies with the profession (Dawis, et.al., 1964). This process can be viewed as the experiences that help the individual marry theory of the profession with the practice in the work environment (Dawis, et.al., 1964). It is a process of ‘fitting in' into the profession and getting to know the traditions and ethics of a profession. Professional identity therefore, aaccording to Moore and Hofman (1988: 70) can be defined as "the extent to which someone thinks of his or her professional role as being important, attractive and in harmony with other roles". This definition seems fair in getting close to the understanding of what professional identity is; especially when ‘identity itself is still a poorly and fuzzily defined concept' (Watson, 2002; Beijaard, et al., 2004). But for a disabled person, ‘fitting in' into professions has not been easy. ‘Fitting in' has tended to occur through negotiation and bargaining changes to the work place.
For most disabled professionals in developed countries such as England, reasonable adjustments to the work environment have to be made to allow them to work. Where it is reasonably practicable, disabled people should be allowed access practice and develop their professional identities without having to compromise. But why should this be so? To understand why disabled persons have to negotiate change for fitness to practice, the following section presents an historical background which could shed light into this argument.
An historical background; a view from developed countries
Prior to the rise of waged labour market and medical advances, the identity of disabled people was enhanced because they were not excluded from the mainstream social and economic activities of their families, tribes or clans (Bagilhole, 1997). Even where disabled people could not participate fully, Bagilhole, (1997) asserts, they were still able to make an economic contribution commensurate with their (dis)ability. Disabled people were identified as individually unfortunate, and hence were embraced by society. The term disability was then born.
The term 'disability' was popularized during industrialization (Oliver, 1990; Mithaug, 1996). The emergence of the medical paradigm to viewing people was influenced partly by Charles Darwin's writings in ‘The Origins of Species (Mithaug, 1996. His theory offered new insights into the application of scientific thought in social issues; i.e. by sorting the so-called strong species from weak ones in a more systematic way (Finkelstein, 1980). The theory seemingly contributed to the dual stratification of human society into ‘the able' and ‘the disabled'. Apparently, this set a precedent for the labour market's adoption of the ‘fit' and ‘unfit' panoptic view on people (Foucault, 1991). The industrial revolution also individualized and medicalized disability (Oliver, 1990). The medical fraternity focused on a person's physical body and health (Davis, 1995), thus pathologising disability. Hence, Oliver (1990) observed that;
The idea of disability as individual pathology only (was seen as) possible when we have an idea of able-bodiedness, which is itself related to the rise of capitalism and the development of wage labour (1990:25).
Emphasized on a perfect physical body was set as a pre-requisite for labour market fitness for employability, high performativity and productivity (Foucault, 1991). The waged labour idea during industrialization offered different forms of dislocation for disabled people; the effect of which was diverse. For example, the establishment of time and motion studies in emerging factory systems meant that many more disabled people were rendered unfit to participate in the gross production process because;
The speed of factory work, the enforced discipline, the time-keeping, and production norms – were a highly unfavourable change from the slower, more self-determined and flexible method of work into which many (disabled) people had been integrated (Ryan and Thomas, 1980:101).
Deducing from the citation above, disabled people were thus considered unfit to practice in any job role either because they failed to meet the waged labour market demands or were deemed medically as ‘disable-bodied'. They were henceforth, effectively excluded from any form of work (Bagilhole, 1997; Mithaug, 1996; Oliver, 1990).
With the heightening and thriving of the waged labour market, the process of exclusion of disabled people from the labour force became systematic (Bagilhole, 1997. Thus, the waged labour market era effectively relegated disabled people to the bottom rung of the labour and social ladder (Morris, 1969); in the process, diminishing and also altering their self-identity concept. Sadly, this trend continued and the status of disabled people has not improved markedly, into current times either (Metts, 2004); even though working partnerships between disabled people and inter agency professionals seem to play a major role in getting disabled people into work.
Some figures: A global view
According to International Labour Organization (ILO) (1983), unemployment continues to be the main problem for disabled persons globally. Country data, where it exists, verifies that disabled people are less likely to access education, training and employment of any kind (Jones, 2001). When they do work, disabled persons are more likely to be underemployed, underpaid, experience less job security and have fewer chances for advancement (Metts, 2004). It is not surprising therefore, that an estimated 20 per cent of world's poor are disabled persons (ILO, 1983)
Unemployment levels among disabled persons are two or thrice times as high as for other persons (ILO, 1983). For example, the unemployment figures for Europe in 1978 are illustrative. In 1978, the unemployment rate in both Holland and Denmark was 7% and only 11.5 % and 17.5 %, of their registered disabled persons were able to find work (Jones, 2001).
In Finland, the same problem of unemployment of disabled persons also exists; even though Finland is considered to be a developed country which is highly advanced in terms of the treatment it offers to disabled persons (Jones, 2001). There is recognition that, even when a special employment facility does exist and employers receive incentive for employing disabled persons, their conditions continue to get worse because there of an overall rise in unemployment due to the perception that disabled persons are unfit for work (Jones, 2001).
In Canada, the total federal unemployment rate of disabled persons in comparison with the non-disabled is estimated at more than 10.4% compared to 6.8% of those non- disabled (Despite that legislation in Canada forbids discrimination against disabled persons, there is overwhelming evidence of cases of inequality in treatment on the labour market as most disabled persons are considered unfit for work (Jones, 2001). In Australia, there is deliberate labour discrimination against disabled persons with regard to equal opportunities to skills and training, equal , equality in working conditions and career advancement (ILO, 1983). Also, many disabled persons there live below the poverty datum line (ILO, 1983: Jones, 2001). Only 53% of disabled persons, compared to more than 80% of non-disabled persons, are employed. In the United States of America, about 50% of disabled persons have jobs; but only 26 per cent of those considered severely disabled are employed (ILO, 1983). In the Europe, 42% of disabled persons are in employment compared to 64% of non-disabled persons (Jones, 2001). And also, significantly, in the United Kingdom, 52% of disabled persons are economically inactive, compared to 28% of non-disabled persons (Barnes, 1992).
The disability (un)employment situation in Great Britain
Access to education and skills training of disabled people in England and Scotland appears to be low. As recently as 2007, training enrolment figures from Scotland, indicate a discrepancy in teacher training enrolment of disabled teachers and non-disabled teachers over five consecutive years. These figures are worrying because obtaining good jobs hinges on the level of training capacity, competence and fitness to work after completion of training.
Across Great Britain, teachers, social workers and nurses are obliged to register with a regulatory body set up by law before getting a job (Riddell, Weedon, Fuller, Healey, Kelly, Georgeson, Hurst, & Peelo, 2007). For instance, for nurses, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) ensures that all candidates are of ‘good health and good character'and fit for purpose (NMC, 2008: Sin, Kreel, Johnston, Thomas, & Fong. 2006). But for teaching and social work there are separate regulatory bodies in England, Scotland and Wales, with different policies in practice. However, for all professions, aspirants are required to declare a disability or medical conditions to relevant institutions (Riddell, et. al. 2007).These declarations were introduced in order to conform to fitness to practice standards. Unfit elements were eliminated at registration. Standards friendly to disabled people were redefined by the Disability Discrimination Acts of 1995 (Office of Public Sector Information (1995). But ten years later, the Disability Rights Commission (2007), found that much of the legislation and guidance that regulates the entry to medical, teaching and social work professions did not reflect provisions of the DDA, and frequently undermined disability equality. Also, the Disability Rights Commission became aware of the complexity and irregularities of the web of rights and responsibilities of disabled people as they went through training, qualifying, registering and looking for employment and maintaining employment within these professions. The imposition of fitness standards to work has been a cause of distortion in professional identity formation for disabled people who already face challenges of being perpetually isolated and negatively stereotyped.
With the exception of social work and teaching in Scotland, where fitness standards now do not now seem to apply, there are still generalized ‘good health' ‘or ‘fitness' standards in teaching, social work, nursing and other health professions across Great Britain (Riddell, et. al. 2007; Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (1999). This tradition seems to continue and is reflected in fitness standards requirements that are explicitly set out in individual organization recruitment policies and procedures. For instance, The Health Professions Council has placed regulation about matching competences for individuals wishing to train as veterinary surgeons. And this issue has been reaffirmed by the European Union/World Bank project ‘Matching competences in higher education and economy: From competence catalogue to strategy and curriculum development' (World University Services, 2008, available ONLINE) whose long term objectives however, fail to recognize disabled people. Using competence frameworks means employability is guided by a job description and a person specification which must be satisfied before one can be employed (Disability Rights Commission, 2007). Although the DDA and The Disability Rights Commission guidelines tend to support disabled people in workplaces, there appears to be challenges in the implementation of the guidelines. But organisations continue to use local policies and regulations that are discriminatory to disabled people. This appears indicative of a deliberate attempt at excluding disabled people from active participating in work, although advances in medicine, rehabilitation and assistive technology work have tended to increase their disabled people's functional capabilities (Sokolowska, Ostrowska & Titkow, 1981).
Of course, fitness standards may be necessary in some jobs such as the military, police or marines, where there generally is a tendency to exclude inappropriate people from working in these professions. But this should not be interpreted to mean that there is no work that disabled people can do in these services. There is a lot that disabled people can do within most professions. Discriminatory practices seem, come in the way and have tended to be generalised to the rest of the labour market. But if DDA guidelines and other national and international policy frameworks were to be complied with, to the letter and spirit, there appears to be a capability of enhancement of individual sense of identity to anyone disabled, once employed. However, this is not adequate; there is also need to re-address and possibly reform policy guidelines and their implementation at all levels. However, current policies and practice do not appear to be supportive of this. Disabled people continue to be denied work and development of assertive individual professional identities (Metts. 2004).
Developing countries: The current situation
By contrast, the changes that were unfolding in the industrialized world are a far cry to what was actually happening in developing countries. In South Africa, for example, 19% of disabled persons were in employment in 2001, compared to 35 % of the whole population. In some developing countries, such as Zimbabwe, Namibia and Malawi, the unemployment rate is estimated to be 80% and higher (SINTEF 2004: Hill, 2005).
Up and until present times, the struggle to obtain work, let alone fit in to work and to develop a professional identity appears on-going, never ending and a real challenge for disabled people in many countries (ILO, 1983). In most instances, the extremely high percentage of unemployed disabled people means that most are forced into begging for survival or that the few who obtain jobs are forced to accept lower levels of pay (ILO, 1983: Barnes, 1993: Jones, 2001: SINTEF, 2004). In other instances, some employers feel uncomfortable having disabled people in their workforce. Chimedza and Sithole (2000) describe a situation where at one workshop for employment creation in Harare, (Zimbabwe), and one employer called for the non-employment of disabled people. He argued that employing one disabled person will cost him three times the actual cost of the labour he actually requires because firstly, he has to pay the disabled person. Secondly, he has to employ a person to support the disabled person. Thirdly, he has to employ a third person who will actually do the job. His argument, in fact, seemed to emphasize that disabled persons are unfit for work. Perhaps that also accounts for why an estimated eighty per cent of the world's disabled persons are said to live in low income countries, generally living in rural or remote areas, where they often lack basic services.
The predicament of disabled people being considered unfit for work and any attempt to negotiate fitness in competition with the able-bodied persons requires extra leverage (Metts, 2004). In Zimbabwe, Malawi and South Africa, for instance, disabled people realized this and began agitating and advocating for better education and better skills training. And acquiring vocational or university education and training especially, seemed to offer a good leverage in vying for jobs in the local and global labour market place.
But for a youthful disabled person, these challenges need to be circumvented as exclusionary practices are still evident. How to negotiate fitness, to define and assert professional identity and professionalism in the job market are issues that tend to be often overshadowed; not only by the disability, but also by the attitudes of able bodied professionals in most jobs (Lord, 1981). To most, it is a double jeopardy, because in addition to having a disability, they often have other forms of difficulties. This problem is especially compounded for marginalized and ethnic minority groups such as disabled lesbian and gay people, disabled black people or disabled women (Barnes, 1993) This scenario has tended to cause ‘a disembedding' and deconstruction of identities with a possibility of creating new identities in work places wherever disabled people could be employed (if at all) (Bernstein, 1996:76).
Suggested future trajectory
If professionals are shaped by contextual forces within particular work locations and identity formation is a result of the interaction of the psychological, sociological and philosophical aspects within these contextual forces, it is imperative to believe that negotiating the future-oriented nature of one's professional role identity is possible and fundamental within work locations. Professional identity is much about negotiating for a future-oriented professionalism. The emphasis should be on what professionals-in-training should become, shaped not only by the contextual factors, but also cognizant of complex relations of power and contestation that determine the course of identity formation -and, it would be argued also- the trajectory of professional education (Duesterberg, 1998). For the new disabled professional recruit entering a preferred profession, experience of power relations and contestations within workspace locations, can be often referred to in terms of `'fitting in', or learning to `play the game' (Duesterberg, 1998). ‘Fitting in' involves negotiating ways to develop a career that satisfies both the ‘ontological self' and professional identity. And disable people should face to that challenge firmly. Talking of ‘fitting in' is talking of fitness and fitness standards. But how can fitness and fitness standards function on the ground, where policy making can have a real negative impact on disabled people's opportunities, experiences, qualifying, registering and working in professional occupations? The way in which organizational fitness policy and procedures impact on disabled people sometimes makes it very difficult to deal with professional identity issues on individual basis, especially now when employers seem to be bringing to the fore new issues; employing personnel according to demonstrated competencies. This can partly be due to the number of factors, peer and employers' attitudes, qualification bodies, educational institutions and other interdisciplinary agencies.
In the UK, for instance, the complexity of the legal and policy frameworks, consisting of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) tends to affect how disabled people are treated. Also, individual organizational professional policies and procedures and their operation in practice make it difficult for disability discrimination and other work fitness issues to be tackled through individual cases, but rather a cooperate effort is needed to ameliorate the challenges disabled persons have in total inclusion in the work place.
In Southern Africa, the concept is taking root but regrettably this could take a long time to nurture. Disability legislation in Zimbabwe, Malawi and South Africa and their respective disability laws, i.e. The Disabled Peoples Act, (1992), The Employment Act (2000) (ILO, 1983) and ‘The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act of South Africa- 2000, (Watermeyer, et.al., 2006), attempt to redress in earnest the iniquities disabled people encounter in negotiating fitness to work and negotiating professional identities, but little progress seems to be evident. Educational iniquities inherited from the colonial policies tend to interfere with efforts to effect meaningful work placement and identity negotiations for disabled professionals (Pendlebury, 1998). More efforts are needed, for instance, for teachers to negotiate more open and flexible work fitness engagements that have an impact on ‘space-time perspective of teaching' and hence leave room for the development of individual professional identities (Pendlebury, 1998). Newly trained disabled professionals, regardless of capacity or incapacity, need to ‘fit' into an identity of the new African and be role models within their current socio-cultural context.
Comment
However, there is a paucity of disabled professionals (Hurstfield, Aston, Mitchell and Ritchie (2004) and there might be need to recruit more disabled individuals into professions because according to research, a small percentage of disabled people are found in training. A recent survey done in Malawi revealed that just twenty per cent of disabled persons have access to and twenty six per cent of these have access to the workplace (SINTEF, 2004). Vocational training was available to only five per cent of those who needed it. Moreover, services available are reported to be poorly funded and under-resourced (Chimedza & Sithole, 2000: SINTEF, 2004).
Ironically, access to education and training of disabled people in Scotland- a developed country also appears to be low, even though Riddell, Wilson and Tinklin (2004) suggest that there have been several improvements for disabled people in higher education in England over recent years. The Teacher Development Agency (UK) reports that there is an under-representation of disabled people in teaching (National Disabled Teacher Taskforce, 2005). Data collected by Initial Teacher Training (ITT) providers on new entrants to ITT show that four per cent of the cohort in 2003 was disabled (National Disabled Teacher Taskforce, 2005). This is perhaps not surprising because services and facilities for disabled students in higher education are just not adequate (UNESCO, 1997); an issue which this writer observed and is investigating for his thesis. This appears to be a situation that seriously needs rectification. How do disabled people then justify their ability to fit in work places, claim to be professionals and develop professional identities and to contribute as change agents locally and globally, if the quality of their training is compromised by lack of services and provisions? It may be difficult to justify. It seems there is definite need for increased presence of disabled people in training services and at workplaces. There is also definite need for formulation and implementation of disability friendly policies, procedures and practices at all levels of policy making. Otherwise, it may appear as if all discourse on equalization of access and opportunities and fitness to practice, development of professional identity for disabled people may for a long time stay in the realm of discourse. Practical negotiation for fitness to practice and the development of professional identities may also be false hope and forever remain a chimera.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is the writer's contention that this article has not exhausted the issues entirely because the issues discussed- identity, professional identity and disability are area diverse fields of study in their own right. A nexus was established to discuss these as interconnected concepts. This paper then highlighted the level of unemployment disabled people are in as well as the challenges they face in obtaining jobs and asserting professional identities. Arguably much of the core thinking, observations and itch to highlight issues are derived from the writer's own reflective experiences gathered in the United Kingdom, Zimbabwe and of late, the Middle East. It is the writer's view that, negotiating fitness to practice and the development of professional identities for disabled people appears to be frustrated by efforts of so called non-disabled people as well as the policy rhetoric around disability and the paradox emanating from policy provision and actual practice. It is noteworthy that that policy making all levels should allow, where reasonably practicable, disabled people, who demonstrate competence for the particular job role, to work and not be judged by the their disability.
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